Algebra

1. Find all functions $f: (0, \infty) \mapsto (0, \infty)$ (so $f$ is a function from the positive real numbers) such that $\frac {\left( f(w) \right)^2 + \left( f(x) \right)^2}{f(y^2) + f(z^2) } = \frac {w^2 + x^2}{y^2 + z^2}$ for all positive real numbers $w,x,y,z,$ satisfying $wx = yz.$
2. a) Prove that $\frac {x^{2}}{\left(x - 1\right)^{2}} + \frac {y^{2}}{\left(y - 1\right)^{2}} + \frac {z^{2}}{\left(z - 1\right)^{2}} \geq 1$ for all real numbers $x$, $y$, $z$, each different from $1$, and satisfying $xyz=1$.
b) Prove that equality holds above for infinitely many triples of rational numbers $x$, $y$, $z$, each different from $1$, and satisfying $xyz=1$.
3. Let $S\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ be a set of real numbers. We say that a pair $(f, g)$ of functions from $S$ into $S$ is a Spanish Couple on $S$, if they satisfy the following conditions
• both functions are strictly increasing, i.e. $f(x) < f(y)$ and $g(x) < g(y)$ for all $x$, $y\in S$ with $x < y$;
• the inequality $f\left(g\left(g\left(x\right)\right)\right) < g\left(f\left(x\right)\right)$ holds for all $x\in S$.
Decide whether there exists a Spanish Couple
a) on the set $S = \mathbb{N}$ of positive integers;
b) on the set $S = \{a - \frac {1}{b}: a, b\in\mathbb{N}\}$
4. For an integer $m$, denote by $t(m)$ the unique number in $\{1, 2, 3\}$ such that $m + t(m)$ is a multiple of $3$. A function $f: \mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{Z}$ satisfies $f( - 1) = 0$, $f(0) = 1$, $f(1) = - 1$ and $f\left(2^{n} + m\right) = f\left(2^n - t(m)\right) - f(m)$ for all integers $m$, $n\ge 0$ with $2^n > m$. Prove that $f(3p)\ge 0$ holds for all integers $p\ge 0$.
5. Let $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$ be positive real numbers such that $abcd = 1$ and $a + b + c + d > \dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{c} + \dfrac{c}{d} + \dfrac{d}{a}$. Prove that $a + b + c + d < \dfrac{b}{a} + \dfrac{c}{b} + \dfrac{d}{c} + \dfrac{a}{d}$
6. Let $f: \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{N}$ be a function which satisfies $$f\left(x + \dfrac{1}{f(y)}\right) = f\left(y + \dfrac{1}{f(x)}\right)$$ for all $x$, $y\in\mathbb{R}$. Prove that there is a positive integer which is not a value of $f$.
7. Prove that for any four positive real numbers $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$ the inequality $\frac {(a - b)(a - c)}{a + b + c} + \frac {(b - c)(b - d)}{b + c + d} + \frac {(c - d)(c - a)}{c + d + a} + \frac {(d - a)(d - b)}{d + a + b}\ge 0$ holds. Determine all cases of equality.

Combinatorics

1. In the plane we consider rectangles whose sides are parallel to the coordinate axes and have positive length. Such a rectangle will be called a box. Two boxes intersect if they have a common point in their interior or on their boundary. Find the largest $n$ for which there exist $n$ boxes $B_1$, $\ldots$, $B_n$ such that $B_i$ and $B_j$ intersect if and only if $i\not\equiv j\pm 1\pmod n$.
2. Let $n \in \mathbb N$ and $A_n$ set of all permutations $(a_1, \ldots, a_n)$ of the set $\{1, 2, \ldots , n\}$ for which $k|2(a_1 + \cdots+ a_k), \text{ for all } 1 \leq k \leq n.$ Find the number of elements of the set $A_n$.
3. In the coordinate plane consider the set $S$ of all points with integer coordinates. For a positive integer $k$, two distinct points $a$, $B\in S$ will be called $k$-friends if there is a point $C\in S$ such that the area of the triangle $ABC$ is equal to $k$. A set $T\subset S$ will be called $k$-clique if every two points in $T$ are $k$-friends. Find the least positive integer $k$ for which there exits a $k$-clique with more than 200 elements.
4. Let $n$ and $k$ be positive integers with $k \geq n$ and $k - n$ an even number. Let $2n$ lamps labelled $1$, $2$, ..., $2n$ be given, each of which can be either on or off. Initially all the lamps are off. We consider sequences of steps: at each step one of the lamps is switched (from on to off or from off to on). Let $N$ be the number of such sequences consisting of $k$ steps and resulting in the state where lamps $1$ through $n$ are all on, and lamps $n + 1$ through $2n$ are all off. Let $M$ be number of such sequences consisting of $k$ steps, resulting in the state where lamps $1$ through $n$ are all on, and lamps $n + 1$ through $2n$ are all off, but where none of the lamps $n + 1$ through $2n$ is ever switched on. Determine $\frac {N}{M}$.
5. Let $S = \{x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_{k + l}\}$ be a $(k + l)$-element set of real numbers contained in the interval $[0, 1]$; $k$ and $l$ are positive integers. A $k$-element subset $A\subset S$ is called nice if $\left |\frac {1}{k}\sum_{x_i\in A} x_i - \frac {1}{l}\sum_{x_j\in S\setminus A} x_j\right |\le \frac {k + l}{2kl}.$ Prove that the number of nice subsets is at least $\dfrac{2}{k + l}\dbinom{k + l}{k}$.
6. For $n\ge 2$, let $S_1$, $S_2$, $\ldots$, $S_{2^n}$ be $2^n$ subsets of $A = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2^{n + 1}\}$ that satisfy the following property: There do not exist indices $a$ and $b$ with $a < b$ and elements $x$, $y$, $z\in A$ with $x < y < z$ and $y$, $z\in S_a$, and $x$, $z\in S_b$. Prove that at least one of the sets $S_1$, $S_2$, $\ldots$, $S_{2^n}$ contains no more than $4n$ elements.

Geometry

1. Let $H$ be the orthocenter of an acute-angled triangle $ABC$. The circle $\Gamma_{A}$ centered at the midpoint of $BC$ and passing through $H$ intersects the sideline $BC$ at points $A_{1}$ and $A_{2}$. Similarly, define the points $B_{1}$, $B_{2}$, $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$. Prove that the six points $A_{1}$, $A_{2}$, $B_{1}$, $B_{2}$, $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$ are concyclic.
2. Given trapezoid $ABCD$ with parallel sides $AB$ and $CD$, assume that there exist points $E$ on line $BC$ outside segment $BC$, and $F$ inside segment $AD$ such that $\angle DAE = \angle CBF$. Denote by $I$ the point of intersection of $CD$ and $EF$, and by $J$ the point of intersection of $AB$ and $EF$. Let $K$ be the midpoint of segment $EF$, assume it does not lie on line $AB$. Prove that $I$ belongs to the circumcircle of $ABK$ if and only if $K$ belongs to the circumcircle of $CDJ$.
3. Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral and let $P$ and $Q$ be points in $ABCD$ such that $PQDA$ and $QPBC$ are cyclic quadrilaterals. Suppose that there exists a point $E$ on the line segment $PQ$ such that $\angle PAE = \angle QDE$ and $\angle PBE = \angle QCE$. Show that the quadrilateral $ABCD$ is cyclic.
4. In an acute triangle $ABC$ segments $BE$ and $CF$ are altitudes. Two circles passing through the point $A$ anf $F$ and tangent to the line $BC$ at the points $P$ and $Q$ so that $B$ lies between $C$ and $Q$. Prove that lines $PE$ and $QF$ intersect on the circumcircle of triangle $AEF$.
5. Let $k$ and $n$ be integers with $0\le k\le n - 2$. Consider a set $L$ of $n$ lines in the plane such that no two of them are parallel and no three have a common point. Denote by $I$ the set of intersections of lines in $L$. Let $O$ be a point in the plane not lying on any line of $L$. A point $X\in I$ is colored red if the open line segment $OX$ intersects at most $k$ lines in $L$. Prove that $I$ contains at least $\dfrac{1}{2}(k + 1)(k + 2)$ red points.
6. There is given a convex quadrilateral $ABCD$. Prove that there exists a point $P$ inside the quadrilateral such that $\angle PAB + \angle PDC$ $= \angle PBC + \angle PAD$ $= \angle PCD + \angle PBA$ $= \angle PDA + \angle PCB$ $= 90^{\circ}$ if and only if the diagonals $AC$ and $BD$ are perpendicular.
7. Let $ABCD$ be a convex quadrilateral with $BA\neq BC$. Denote the incircles of triangles $ABC$ and $ADC$ by $\omega_{1}$ and $\omega_{2}$ respectively. Suppose that there exists a circle $\omega$ tangent to ray $BA$ beyond $A$ and to the ray $BC$ beyond $C$, which is also tangent to the lines $AD$ and $CD$. Prove that the common external tangents to $\omega_{1}$ and $\omega_{2}$ intersect on $\omega$.

Number Theory

1. Let $n$ be a positive integer and let $p$ be a prime number. Prove that if $a$, $b$, $c$ are integers (not necessarily positive) satisfying the equations $a^n + pb = b^n + pc = c^n + pa$ then $a = b = c$.
2. Let $a_1$, $a_2$, $\ldots$, $a_n$ be distinct positive integers, $n\ge 3$. Prove that there exist distinct indices $i$ and $j$ such that $a_i + a_j$ does not divide any of the numbers $3a_1$, $3a_2$, $\ldots$, $3a_n$.
3. Let $a_0$, $a_1$, $a_2$, $\ldots$ be a sequence of positive integers such that the greatest common divisor of any two consecutive terms is greater than the preceding term; in symbols, $\gcd (a_i, a_{i + 1}) > a_{i - 1}$. Prove that $a_n\ge 2^n$ for all $n\ge 0$.
4. Let $n$ be a positive integer. Show that the numbers $\binom{2^n - 1}{0},\; \binom{2^n - 1}{1},\; \binom{2^n - 1}{2},\; \ldots,\; \binom{2^n - 1}{2^{n - 1} - 1}$ are congruent modulo $2^n$ to $1$, $3$, $5$, $\ldots$, $2^n - 1$ in some order.
5. For every $n\in\mathbb{N}$ let $d(n)$ denote the number of (positive) divisors of $n$. Find all functions $f: \mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ with the following properties
• $d\left(f(x)\right) = x$ for all $x\in\mathbb{N}$.
• $f(xy)$ divides $(x - 1)y^{xy - 1}f(x)$ for all $x$, $y\in\mathbb{N}$.
6. Prove that there are infinitely many positive integers $n$ such that $n^{2} + 1$ has a prime divisor greater than $2n + \sqrt {2n}$.
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